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CECW-EG
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
EM 1110-1-3500
Engineer Manual
1110-1-3500
31 January 1995
Engineering and Design
CHEMICAL GROUTING
Distribution Restriction Statement
Approved for public release; distribution is
unlimited.
EM 1110-1-3500
31 January 1995
US Army Corps
of Engineers
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
Chemical Grouting
ENGINEER MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
EM 1110-1-3500
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-EG
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Manual
No. 1110-1-3500
31 January 1995
Engineering and Design
CHEMICAL GROUTING
1. Purpose.
This manual provides information and guidance for the investigation and selection of
materials, equipment, and methods to be used in chemical grouting in connection with construction
projects.
2. Applicability.
This manual is applicable to all HQUSACE/OCE elements, major subordinate
commands, districts, laboratories, and field operating activities having military programs and/or civil
works responsibilities.
FOR THE COMMANDER:
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Chief of Staff
____________________________________________________________________________________
This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-3504, dated 31 May 1973.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
EM 1110-1-3500
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-EG
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Manual
No. 1110-1-3500
31 January 1995
Engineering and Design
CHEMICAL GROUTING
Table of Contents
Subject
Paragraph
Page
Subject
Paragraph
Page
Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose ..................... 1-1
1-1
Chapter 3
Grouting Equipment and Methods
Grout-Mixing Equipment ......... 3-1
3-1
Applicability .................. 1-2
1-1
Pumping Equipment ............. 3-2
3-1
References ................... 1-3
1-1
Pumping Systems ............... 3-3
3-3
Definitions ................... 1-4
1-1
Injection Methods .............. 3-4
3-4
Chemical Grout and Grouting ...... 1-5
1-1
Special Requirements for
Chemical Grouts ............. 1-6
1-1
Chapter 4
Planning
Regulatory Requirements ......... 4-1
Advantages and Limitations of
Chemical Grouts ............. 1-7
4-1
1-2
Preliminary Planning ............ 4-2
4-1
Proponent .................... 1-8
1-3
Laboratory Testing .............. 4-3
4-3
Field Operations ............... 4-4
4-6
Chapter 2
Chemical Grout Materials
Types of Chemical Grout ......... 2-1
Grout Availability .............. 4-5
4-7
2-1
Appendices
Factors Affecting Penetration ...... 2-2
2-1
Appendix A
References
Sodium Silicate Systems .......... 2-3
2-1
Acrylate Grouts ................ 2-4
2-7
Urethanes .................... 2-5
2-7
Appendix B
Glossary
Lignins ...................... 2-6
2-8
Resins ...................... 2-7
2-8
Other Grouts .................. 2-8
2-10
i
EM 1110-1-3500
31 Jan 95
Chapter 1
Introduction
formulated that are mixtures of particulate materials in
chemical grouts with the particulate materials themselves
being capable of solidifying reactions. Grouts discussed
in this manual are those in which the liquid and solid
phases typically will not separate in normal handling and
in which processes other than the introduction of solid
particles and mixing are used to generate the grout.
Mixtures of chemical and particulate grouts have the
limitations of particulate grouts in terms of mixing,
handling, and injection and so are best treated as
particulate grouts (EM 1110-2-3506 and para 2-3
h
(2)).
1-1. Purpose
This manual provides information and guidance for the
investigation and selection of materials, equipment, and
methods to be used in chemical grouting in connection
with construction projects. Elements discussed include
types of chemical grout materials, grouting equipment
and methods, planning of chemical grouting operations,
and specifications. Emphasis is placed on the unique
characteristics of chemical grouts that benefit hydraulic
structures. Uses of conventional portland-cement-based
grouts and microfine-cement grouts are not included here,
but are discussed in Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-3506,
Grouting Technology.
b. Chemical grouting.
Chemical grouting is the
process of injecting a chemically reactive solution that
behaves as a fluid but reacts after a predetermined time
to form a solid, semisolid, or gel. Chemical grouting
requires specially designed grouting equipment in that the
reactive solution is often formed by proportioning the
reacting liquids in an on-line continuous mixer. Typi-
cally, no allowance is made in chemical-grouting plants
for particulate materials suspended in a liquid. Further,
the materials used in the pumps and mixers are specifi-
cally selected to be nonreactive with the chemicals being
mixed and pumped.
1-2. Applicability
This manual is applicable to all HQUSACE/OCE ele-
ments, major subordinate commands, districts, laborato-
ries, and field operating activities having military
programs and/or civil works responsibilities.
c. Background.
Chemical grouts were developed in
response to a need to develop strength and control water
flow in geologic units where the pore sizes in the rock or
soil units were too small to allow the introduction of
conventional portland-cement suspensions. The first
grouts used were two-stage grouts that depended on the
reaction between solutions of metal salts and sodium
silicate. The goal in this work was to bond the particles
of soil or rock and to fill in the pore spaces to reduce
fluid flow. The technology has expanded with the addi-
tion of organic polymer solutions and additives that can
control the strength and setting characteristics of the
injected liquid. Chemical grouting has become a major
activity in remediation and repair work under and around
damaged or deteriorated structures. Much of the technol-
ogy for large-scale grouting of rock or soil can and has
been adapted into equipment for repairing concrete struc-
tures such as pond liners, drains, or sewers.
1-3. References
References are listed in Appendix A. The most current
versions of all references listed in Appendix A should be
maintained in all districts and divisions having civil
works responsibilities. The references should be main-
tained in a location readily accessible to those persons
assigned the responsibility for chemical-grouting investi-
gations and chemical grouting in construction.
1-4. Definitions
Terms used this document are defined in Appendix B.
1-5. Chemical Grout and Grouting
a. Chemical grouts.
Chemical grouts are injected
into voids as solutions, in contrast to cementitious grouts,
which are suspensions of particles in a fluid medium.
Chemical grouts react after a predetermined time to form
a solid, semisolid, or gel. The distinction between chem-
ical and cementitious grouts is arbitrary in that some
particulate grouts are made up of suspension of microfine
cement with particles generally less than 10 µm in
diameter. The distinction is further complicated by the
development of chemical grouts that have particles that
are 10 to 15 nm in diameter. Grouts have been
1-6. Special Requirements for Chemical Grouts
a. General.
In the selection of a grout for a particu-
lar application, certain chemical and mechanical proper-
ties should be evaluated. These include viscosity,
durability, and strength. The following paragraphs serve
to point out some of the more significant properties of
grouts and grouted materials; however, these are not
definitive guidelines for engineering design. In many
1-1
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